Teknik Alat Berat Polman Astra

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Microsoft Codename

Microsoft codenames are the codenames given by Microsoft to products it has in development, before these products are given the names by which they appear on store shelves. Many of these products (new versions of Windows in particular) are of major significance to the IT community, and so the terms are often widely used in discussions prior to the official release. Microsoft usually does not announce a final name until shortly before the product is publicly available. It is not uncommon for Microsoft to reuse codenames a few years after a previous usage has been abandoned.

There has been some suggestion that Microsoft may move towards defining the real name of their upcoming products earlier in the product development lifecycle so as to avoid needing product codenames.

Windows 3.1x/9x

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Janus		Windows 3.1
Kato, Sparta		Windows for Workgroups 3.1
Snowball (LB)		Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Chicago/Cougar	Windows 4.0	Windows 95	Cougar is the codename for the 32bit protected mode kernel of Chicago (Windows 95) which runs on top of Jaguar (Chicago kernel).[2]
O’Hare		Internet Explorer, first shipped in Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95	The codename O’Hare ties into the Chicago codename for Windows 95: O’Hare International Airport is the largest airport in the city of Chicago, Illinois — in Microsoft’s words, “a point of departure to distant places from Chicago”[3].
Frosting[4]		Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
Detroit[5]		Windows 95 OSR 2	Named after Detroit, Michigan. A writer for Maximum PC suggested that “Detroit” and other Windows 95-era names were answers to the question posed by Microsoft’s “Where do you want to go today?” marketing campaign.
Nashville	Windows 96	Windows Desktop Update, Internet Explorer 4.0	Cancelled upgrade for Windows 95; sometimes referred to in the press as Windows 96. Codename was reused for Internet Explorer 4.0 which incorporated many of the technologies planned for Nashville.
Memphis	Windows 97, Windows 4.1	Windows 98	The codename was the key to activating an easter egg in Windows 98: open the “Regional Settings” control panel; go to the “Regional Settings” page; hold the Control key and drag a line with the mouse cursor from Memphis, Egypt (or maybe Cairo, codename of Windows NT 4 – the map is too small to tell) to Memphis, Tennessee. Still holding the Control key, drag another line from Memphis to Redmond, Washington; a window opens with the credits for Windows 98.
Dolly		Windows 98 OEM/Corporate image cloning utility	Dolly refers to Dolly the Sheep, the first sheep to be cloned.
	Millennium	Windows Me	Me stands for Millennium Edition

Windows NT family

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
NT OS/2	OS/2 3.0	Windows NT 3.1
Daytona[6]		Windows NT 3.5	Named after the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida.
SUR (Shell Update Release), Cairo[7]		Windows NT 4.0	Microsoft originally planned for NT 4.0 to be just a simple “Shell Update Release” to integrate the Windows 95 GUI with Windows NT 3.51’s kernel.
Wolfpack[8]		Microsoft Cluster Server
Hydra[9]		Terminal Services, Windows Terminal Server	Terminal Server adds “multiheading” support to Windows (the ability to run multiple instances of the graphics subsystem), and the hydra is a mythological monster with multiple heads.
Impala[10]		Windows NT 4.0 Embedded
Memphis NT	Windows NT 5.0	Windows 2000	A watershed in Windows naming: first major Windows NT release whose client variant was named “Professional” instead of “Workstation”; first major Windows NT release without the “NT” designation in the trade name, which caused confusion when Windows Me was released. The original MS-DOS-based Windows line has since been dropped altogether, and Windows NT operating systems since then are simply referred to as “Windows”.
Asteroid		Windows 2000 Service Pack 1
Janus		Windows 2000 64-bit	Same codename as Windows 3.1
Neptune	Microsoft Neptune[11]	Never named	A consumer version of Windows 2000. Merged with Odyssey to form Whistler.
Odyssey		Never named	An upgrade to Windows 2000. Merged with Neptune to form Whistler.
Whistler		Windows XP	Named after Whistler, British Columbia, where design retreats were held.
Mantis[10]		Windows XP Embedded	Named after the Mantis shrimp
eHome		Windows XP Media Center Edition	The Media Center application’s filename is actually ehome.exe, and many other files to do with MCE specifically are related to this.
Freestyle		Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003	Name of a terrain rating system in the Whistler-Blackcomb resort.
Harmony		Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004	Name of a ski lift and alpine bowl in Whistler, British Columbia.
Symphony		Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005	Name of an alpine bowl in Whistler, British Columbia.
Emerald		Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Update Rollup 2	Name of a ski lift in Whistler, British Columbia.
Diamond		Windows Vista Media Center Edition
Trainyard		Windows XP Service Pack 1	Trainyard was an engineering package of driver updates to ship simultaneously with Windows XP Service Pack 1, the most major of which was support for USB 2.0 which was also ported backwards to Windows 2000.
Springboard		Windows XP Service Pack 2	Name of a ski run on Blackcomb in Whistler, British Columbia.
Lone Star		Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005	A branch of the Windows XP Professional Service Pack 2 codebase, featuring enhancements specifically for Tablet PC hardware.
Whistler Server	Windows .NET Server	Windows Server 2003	One of many unrelated Microsoft projects of the time to carry a “.NET” designation. See: Microsoft .NET.
Bobcat		Windows Small Business Server 2003	Bobcat is a ski-run on Whistler Mountain.
Eiger		Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs	A low-end version of Windows XP that is intended to be a thin-client that works with older hardware. Available through Software Assurance program. The Eiger is a mountain in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland. The Eiger is part of a trio of mountains, The Eiger, The Mönch and The Jungfrau.
Mönch			Similar to Eiger, but supports Windows Mobile devices, Windows Image Acquisition, wireless networking, VPN-s and advanced IP (Internet Protocol) security. The Mönch is a mountain in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland. The Mönch is part of a trio of mountains, The Eiger, The Mönch and The Jungfrau.
Longhorn		Windows Vista	Went gold (RTM) on 8 of November 2006. Named after the Longhorn Bar in the Whistler-Blackcomb resort; initially planned as an “interim release” between “Whistler” and “Blackcomb” (which was “Vienna” and is now Windows 7).
Mojave		Windows Vista	Spoof codename used for the Windows Vista “Mojave Experiment” marketing exercise.[12]
Q, Quattro		Windows Home Server	Announced at CES 2007. Original project codename was “Quattro” because it was the leader of the project’s 4th attempt at building a home server at Microsoft. Renamed to Q once the project moved out of incubation stage.
Vail	Windows Home Server v2		Next major release of Windows Home Server currently in development.
Cougar	Windows Small Business Server “Longhorn”		In development. Cougar is a ski-run on Whistler Mountain.
Longhorn Server		Windows Server 2008	Server equivalent of Windows Vista Service Pack 1, released January 18, 2008.[13]
Viridian		Hyper-V	Virtualization update for Windows Server 2008[14]
Centro		Windows Essential Business Server	In development. Planned “mid-size” (25-500 PC) edition of Longhorn Server.[13].
Blackcomb, Vienna		Windows 7	Originally codenamed “Blackcomb” after the Whistler-Blackcomb resort. Renamed to “Vienna” in January 2006 and “Windows 7” in 2007.
Fiji	Windows Vista Media Center Feature Pack 2008	Windows Media Center TV Pack 2008	This will be the first out of band release for Media Center since Windows Vista was released.[15]
Red Dog	Windows Cloud	Windows Azure	Windows cloud services platform [16]
Quebec		Windows Embedded 2011 [17]	Details were (?) unveiled at PDC 2008

Windows CE family

Codenam	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Pegasus, Alder[18]		Windows CE 1.0	(released November 1996)
Mercury, Apollo		Windows CE 2.0	(released November 1997)
Birch,[18] Gryphon		Windows CE 2.1
Wyvern, Jupiter, Orion, Hermes, Goldeneye		Windows CE 2.11
Cedar,[18] Galileo, Rapier, Merlin, Stinger		Windows CE 3.0	(released April 2000)
Talisker[18]	Windows CE .NET	Windows CE 4.0	(released January 7, 2002)
Jameson		Windows CE 4.1	(released June 2002)
McKendric		Windows CE 4.2	(released April 23, 2003)
Ozone		Windows Mobile 2003	(released June 23, 2003, powered by Windows CE 4.20)
Ozone update		Windows Mobile 2003 SE	(released March 24, 2004, powered by Windows CE 4.21)
Macallan[18]		Windows CE 5.0	(July 9, 2004
Magneto		Windows Mobile 5.0	Windows Mobile 5.0 was officially announced at Microsoft’s Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9-12 2005. (based on Windows CE 5.0)
Crossbow	Windows Mobile 6.0	Windows Mobile 6.0	Update to Mobile 5.0, released in February 12, 2007.
Yamazaki[18]	Windows CE 6.0	Windows Embedded CE 6.0
Photon	Windows Mobile 7.0 (James Smith/Bob Stewart)	Windows Phone 7	Major update to the platform, merging Smartphone and Pocket PC. Expected in 2010. (based on Windows CE 6.0)

Media Player family

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Quartz	ActiveMovie	DirectShow	The implementation is still contained in a DLL called quartz.dll. DirectShow and Windows Media Player first appeared as ActiveMovie and ActiveMovie Player as optional components in Windows 98.
	ActiveMovie Player	Windows Media Player	ActiveMovie was the old name of DirectShow.
Corona		Windows Media Player 9 Series
Polaris		Windows Media Player 11 for Windows XP
Aurora		Windows Media Player 11 for Windows Vista

Visual Studio family

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Thunder		Visual Basic 1.0	The first version of Visual Basic.[19] The standard dialogs and controls created by the Visual Basic runtime library all have “Thunder” as a prefix of their internal type names (for example, buttons are internally known as ThunderCommandButton).
Zamboni		Microsoft Visual C++ 4.1	After Zamboni, an ice resurfacing machine.[19]
Escher		Microsoft Visual Basic 1.0 for MS-DOS
Rainier		Visual Studio .NET 2002	After Mount Rainier, a large mountain just south of Seattle, visible from most of the metropolitan area.
Everett		Visual Studio .NET 2003	After Everett, a large city near Seattle, which is on the way (from Redmond) to Whidbey Island.
Saturn		ASP.NET Web Matrix	Free development tool for ASP.NET Web sites. Predecessor to Visual Web Developer Express Edition.
Cassini Web Server		ASP.NET Development Server	The lightweight local Web server that is launched in Visual Studio in order to test Web projects.
Venus		Visual Web Developer Express Edition	Named in keeping with a space-oriented theme for ASP.NET developer tool internal names.
Whidbey		Visual Studio 2005	After Whidbey Island in Puget Sound. A little farther from Seattle than Everett.
Orcas		Visual Studio 2008	Named after Orcas Island, located in Puget Sound. Farther still from Seattle.
Rosario		Visual Studio 2010	Named after the Rosario Strait which passes Orcas Island. It’s also the second most important city in Argentina.
Burton		Visual Studio Team System
Hatteras	Visual Studio Team System’s Source Control System		Named after the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse in the Outer Banks region of North Carolina.[20]
Ocracoke	Visual Studio Team System load testing suite		Named after the Ocracoke Island Lighthouse on Ocracoke Island, also in North Carolina.[20]
Currituck	Team Foundation Work Item Tracking		Named after the Currituck Beach Lighthouse in Corolla, North Carolina.[20]
Bodie	Team Foundation Server SDK		Named after the Bodie Island Lighthouse in North Carolina.[20]
Whitehorse	Visual Studio Team System’s designers for architects.		Includes Application Designer, Logical Data Center Designer, System Designer, and Deployment Designer.
Fidalgo		Visual Studio 2005 Extensions for WinFX	Named after Fidalgo Island, located in Puget Sound in the San Juan Islands.
Tuscany		Online version of Visual Studio.	Currently a research project.[21]
Phoenix			A Microsoft research software development kit.
Hawaii			Microsoft Visual Studio 2010
Camano			Test Case Management Client in VSTS 2010. Named after Camano Island, located in Puget Sound
Eaglestone			This is the name given to the Teamprise suite Microsoft acquired until the formal name is decided.[22

Exchange Server Family

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Spitfire, Touchdown		Exchange Server 4.0	“Spitfire” was the name for a server-based successor to Microsoft Mail that would have run on OS/2, using X.400 as its core architecture. When Microsoft changed direction to focus on Windows NT as a server platform, the Spitfire project was retooled (and most of its code scrapped), to become Touchdown. Spitfire’s legacy lies in the fact that the 4.x and 5.x versions of Exchange were X.400-based (Exchange 2000 and later were SMTP-based).
Osmium		Exchange Server 5.5	Originally called Iridium, but Microsoft received a cease and desist order from Motorola which already had a project with that code name, so Microsoft chose the previous element in the periodic table.
Platinum		Exchange Server 2000
Titanium		Exchange Server 2003
Exchange 12		Exchange Server 2007	So named so as to fit along with Office 2007’s working name, Office 12.
Exchange 14		Exchange Server 2010	So named so as to fit along with Office 2010’s working name, Office 14.

SQL Server family

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
SQL95		SQL Server 6.0	The first version of Microsoft SQL Server that was designed for Windows NT (the previous version, SQL Server 4.2, was essentially Sybase’s SQL Server source code, with minor changes to accommodate platform differences, compiled to run on NT).
Starfighter		SQL Server Enterprise Manager	Management tool, included in SQL Server 6.0 – SQL Server 2000
Hydra		SQL Server 6.5	same as Terminal Services, Terminal Server
Sphinx[23]		SQL Server 7.0
Plato		SQL Server 7.0 OLAP Services	(later called Analysis Services, in SQL Server 2000)
Shiloh		SQL Server 2000 (32-bit)	(version 8.0)
Liberty		SQL Server 2000 (64-bit)	(version 8.0), Intel Itanium based system only
Rosetta		SQL Server Reporting Services
Yukon		SQL Server 2005	(version 9.0)
Laguna	SQL Server CE 3.0	SQL Server 2005 Mobile Edition
Katmai / Akadia		SQL Server 2008[24]	(Version 10)
Blue		SQL Report Designer 2.0[25]	This is the stand alone release of the tool for SQL Server Reporting Services.
Kilimanjaro		SQL Server 2008R2

Other server products

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Catapult[26]		Microsoft Proxy Server 1.0

Experimental operating systems

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Singularity		Singularity	Experimental operating system based on the Microsoft .NET platform, using software-based type safety as a replacement for hardware-based memory protection.[27]
Midori			“‘Midori,’ is a Microsoft research platform. Midori is closely related to Singularity in that it is written entirely in managed code.

Expression suite

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Acrylic	Expression Graphic Designer	Expression Design
Sparkle	Expression Interactive Designer	Expression Blend
Quartz	Expression Web Designer	Expression Web

.NET

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Lightning, Project 42	Next Generation Windows Services	Microsoft .NET v1.0	Project Lightning was the original codename for the Common Language Runtime in 1997.[28] The team was based in building 42, hence Project 42.[29] “Next Generation Windows Services” appeared in the earliest press releases about the upcoming platform.[30]
COM+ 2.0, COM Object Runtime (COR), Universal Runtime (URT)		Microsoft .NET Framework v1.0	The name COM+ is still in use to designate extensions to COM (currently at version 1.5) for resource management, integrated security and transactionality. .NET itself has little in common with COM and COM+.
	WinFX	.NET Framework 3.0
Avalon		Windows Presentation Foundation
HailStorm		.NET My Services	Project to make MSN-hosted user data available to the same users at non-Microsoft web sites; never released.
Indigo		Windows Communication Foundation
Windows Presentation Foundation/Everywhere		Silverlight
InfoCard		Windows CardSpace
Accelerator			Allows developers to use managed code to program GPU’s to create highly parallel programmes.
Astoria		ADO.NET Data Services	A framework that takes advantage of Windows Communication Foundation and the Entity Data Model (EDM) to allow developers to expose data in the cloud.
Rotor		Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure (SSCLI)
ParallelFX		Parallel Extensions to .NET Framework	An extension of the .NET Framework which allows developers to make better use of multi-core and multi-CPU operating environments without much effort. Applications written using ParallelFX will automatically scale to make use of the hardware they are running on.
Zermatt		Microsoft Identity Framework	An framework which allows developers to develop claims aware applications and systems.

MSN/Windows Live

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
A1		Windows Live OneCare	Security suite featuring antivirus, antispyware, backup & recovery, and tune-up
Blackbird			Online content authoring technology developed alongside MSN 1.0 but cancelled in favor of HTML and ActiveX
Kahuna	Windows Live Mail	Windows Live Hotmail
Kumo		Bing	Replacement product for Live Search. Widely available June 3, 2009.
Elroy	Windows Live Mail desktop	Windows Live Mail
Marvel		Microsoft Network, as shipped with Windows 95
Tornado		MSN Messenger Service
Rome	Live Search	Bing	The latest version of Live Search. The first public beta of Live Search was unveiled on March 8, 2006, with the final release on September 11, 2006 replacing MSN Search. In 2009, the name was again changed, this time to Bing.

Xbox 360

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Underwater	Xbox 360 Blu-Ray Player		This project was rumored to be created. This Blu-Ray player was planned to compete with the PS3’s.
Blackwater	XBL Cheater Scanning System		Unknown, Might have not been developed to prevent any privacy issues with Xbox Live Gamers. Existence doubted.
Falcon		Xbox 360 motherboard and chipset	Third hardware revision with 65 nm CPU and 90 nm GPU.
Nitrogen	Xbox 360 Screen Recording Software (Xbox 360 SRS)		This was a external screen-capturing software for the Xbox 360, The existence of this product even in writing is doubted.
Firebird	New Xbox Experience	NXE	The NXE was released, and the rumor is that the NXE’s pre-announcement codename was Firebird.
Helium	Xbox 360 Project “Helium”		A concept in which an Xbox 360 would be able to emulate Windows XP. The project has apparently been scrapped since the release of Vista.
Jasper			Fourth hardware revision with 65 nm CPU and 65 nm GPU.
Opus			Revision of the Falcon motherboard but without an HDMI port. Used to replace Xenon motherboards during repairs.
Valhalla			Future fifth hardware revision with unified 65 nm CPU/GPU chip.
Xenon		Xbox 360 processor and codename	Original production motherboard with 90 nm CPU and GPU.
Xenos		Xbox 360 GPU and codename
Zephyr		Xbox 360 Elite	Black Xbox 360 console with HDMI port, increased size hard drive, and improved heat dispersal. Second hardware revision.
Natal	Project Natal		The First generation of an Xbox 360 compatible gaming platform that uses unique 3D audio and visual sensors to control input during game play.

Others

Codename	Preliminary name	Final name	Notes
Acropolis			Application framework for Smart Clients
Aero Diamond			Used during the development of Windows Vista to describe a set of advanced user interface effects for the Desktop Window Manager to be introduced after Vista’s release.[31]
Albany		Microsoft Equipt	Albany is Microsoft’s all-in-one, subscription-based service for office, communication, and security software.[32]
Alexandria		Zune Marketplace	An online music store.
Argo		Zune	A digital media player.
Atlas	Ajax implementation in .NET	ASP.NET Ajax	An implementation for ASP.NET of Ajax native to the .NET Framework 2.0.
Bandit		Schedule+ 1.0	Microsoft’s first Personal Information Manager
Bullet		Microsoft Mail 3.0	Microsoft’s first LAN-based email product written in-house. (Microsoft had earlier purchased Intermail for AppleTalk networks and Network Courier for PC networks.)
Budapest		Microsoft Office Communicator Web Access 2005
Catapult		Microsoft Proxy Server 1.0
Cider			Visual Studio designer for building Windows Presentation Foundation applications. Meant to be used by application developers.
Cirrus		Access 1.0
Concur			Aims to: define higher-level abstractions (above “threads and locks”); for today’s imperative languages; that evenly support the range of concurrency granularities; to let developers write correct and efficient concurrent applications; with lots of latent parallelism; that can be efficiently mapped to the user’s.
CRM V1.0, Tsunami		Microsoft CRM version 1.0[33]	The platform was initially code named Tsunami,[33] but once the decision was made to make it an actual product it was just changed to the initials as the initials were enough of a code name.[33]
Dallas			Easily discover, purchase, and manage premium data subscriptions in the Windows Azure platform. [34]
Darwin	Microsoft Installer	Windows Installer	[35]
Danube Phase I		Microsoft CRM version 1.2[33]
Danube Phase II		Microsoft CRM version 3[33]
Deco		Microsoft PhotoDraw
Dryad			A Microsoft Research project which aims to design a platform to make developing applications for large-scale distributed computing easier.
Godot		Microsoft Layer for Unicode	Named after the play Waiting for Godot (centered around the failure of a man named “Godot” to appear and the endless wait for him), because it was felt to be long overdue.[36]
Greenwich	Real-Time Communications Server 2003	Microsoft Office Live Communications Server 2003
Istanbul		Microsoft Office Communicator 2005
Clarity	LINQ		Language Integrated Query Language extensions to expose query syntax natively to languages such as Visual Basic .NET and C#
Maestro		Microsoft Office Business Scorecard Manager 2005.
Media2Go		Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers	Platform built on Windows Mobile found on portable media players.[37][38]
Metro		XML Paper Specification (XPS)
Milan		Microsoft Surface	Table-top style computer with multi-touch touchscreen interface.
Mira			Windows CE .NET-based technology for smart displays.[39][40]
Monaco			Music-making program similar to Apple’s GarageBand application
Monad	MSH, Microsoft Shell	Windows PowerShell	Monads, according to philosopher Gottfried Leibniz‘s monadology, are the ultimate elements of the universe, individual percipient beings, and MSH is similarly composed of small, individual modules the user puts in interrelation.
Morro[41]		Microsoft Security Essentials	MSE was codenamed after the Morro de São Paulo beach[42] in Brazil.
Origami		Ultra-Mobile PC
Omega		JET Engine	ISAM database engine used in Microsoft Access, a desktop database management system.
Opus		Word for Windows	Word for Windows 1.0 for Windows 2.x, named after the penguin in the comic strip Opus.
Palladium	Trusted Windows		Effort to develop a small, very secure operating environment within Windows, including curtained memory, trusted input, and graphics. Project renamed to Next-Generation Secure Computing Base, and was never fully implemented.
Pinball		High Performance File System	Implemented as an Installable File System when IBM and Microsoft were co developing OS/2.
Volta			C# to JavaScript compiler.
Softsled			Software based Media Center Extender.
Springfield	Microsoft Popfly		Website in Alpha testing stage providing mashup and webpages creation tools, with publishing as Rich Internet Application option.
Tahiti			Supposedly a family of multi-core technologies including an operating system, applications and development tools designed to make better use of today’s multi-core CPUs. It is believed that Midori may be a part of this suite of new Microsoft technologies.[43]
Tahoe		Sharepoint Portal Server 2001.
Titan, Kilimanjaro		Microsoft CRM version 4[33]	Was originally Kilimanjaro but changed to Titan as Kilimanjaro was too difficult to spell.[33]
Jasper			“Jasper” provides a programming interface to your data that is well-suited to rapid development. When a Jasper program runs, Jasper connects to the database, determines the database schema, and generates corresponding data classes. This generation step does not result in source files; the data classes are compiled in-memory and available for use within the running program.
Jolt		Silverlight 1.0
Paxos	Silverlight 1.1
Wolverine		TCP/IP Stack for WfW 3.11	Named after the Wolverine the character from Marvel Comics.
Oslo		set of SOA – technologies	http://www.microsoft.com/soa/products/oslo.aspx
Velocity			Distributed Caching for .NET
Zurich		Azure	Microsoft’s Cloud platform (See Azure Services Platform)
D		M	Modelling language
Dorado		Zune PC Client
Metro			Windows Phone 7 user interface, largely based on Zune H

Toaster

In Microsoft jargon, the “toaster” is the hardware equivalent of fictional entities, such as the Contoso company or the Tempuri URI (http://tempuri.org/), used in documentation and sample code as placeholders to be redefined by third-party developers.

The convention of calling a fictional hardware device “toaster” is by no means exclusive to Microsoft, but Microsoft formalizes the concept to an unprecedented level: the “toaster” is prominently featured in the Driver Development Kit (DDK), as a fictional hardware device that performs no function but is extremely complex. The “toaster” is removable, plugged in a dedicated bus, it has hotplug support, power management, a customized driver installation procedure, and even UPS functionality. Its device driver implements all the required APIs but no other function, and it’s released as a sample “skeleton” driver for developers of actual hardware devices.

PHP nie

PHP adalah bahasa pemrograman script yang paling banyak dipakai saat ini. PHP banyak dipakai untuk memrogram situs web dinamis, walaupun tidak tertutup kemungkinan digunakan untuk pemakaian lain.

Contoh terkenal dari aplikasi PHP adalah phpBB dan MediaWiki (software di belakang Wikipedia). PHP juga dapat dilihat sebagai pilihan lain dari ASP.NET/C#/VB.NET Microsoft, ColdFusion Macromedia, JSP/Java Sun Microsystems, dan CGI/Perl. Contoh aplikasi lain yang lebih kompleks berupa CMS yang dibangun menggunakan PHP adalah Mambo, Joomla!, Postnuke, Xaraya, dan lain-lain.

Sejarah PHP

Pada awalnya PHP merupakan kependekan dari Personal Home Page (Situs Personal). PHP pertama kali dibuat oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1995. Pada waktu itu PHP masih bernama FI (Form Interpreted), yang wujudnya berupa sekumpulan script yang digunakan untuk mengolah data form dari web.

Selanjutnya Rasmus merilis kode sumber tersebut untuk umum dan menamakannya PHP/FI. Dengan perilisan kode sumber ini menjadi open source, maka banyak programmer yang tertarik untuk ikut mengembangkan PHP.

Pada November 1997, dirilis PHP/FI 2.0. Pada rilis ini interpreter PHP sudah diimplementasikan dalam program C. Dalam rilis ini disertakan juga modul-modul ekstensi yang meningkatkan kemampuan PHP/FI secara signifikan.

Pada tahun 1997, sebuah perusahaan bernama Zend menulis ulang interpreter PHP menjadi lebih bersih, lebih baik, dan lebih cepat. Kemudian pada Juni 1998, perusahaan tersebut merilis interpreter baru untuk PHP dan meresmikan rilis tersebut sebagai PHP 3.0 dan singkatan PHP dirubah menjadi akronim berulang PHP: Hypertext Preprocessing.

Pada pertengahan tahun 1999, Zend merilis interpreter PHP baru dan rilis tersebut dikenal dengan PHP 4.0. PHP 4.0 adalah versi PHP yang paling banyak dipakai pada awal abad ke-21. Versi ini banyak dipakai disebabkan kemampuannya untuk membangun aplikasi web kompleks tetapi tetap memiliki kecepatan dan stabilitas yang tinggi.

Pada Juni 2004, Zend merilis PHP 5.0. Dalam versi ini, inti dari interpreter PHP mengalami perubahan besar. Versi ini juga memasukkan model pemrograman berorientasi objek ke dalam PHP untuk menjawab perkembangan bahasa pemrograman ke arah paradigma berorientasi objek.

Kelebihan PHP dari bahasa pemrograman lain

• Bahasa pemrograman PHP adalah sebuah bahasa script yang tidak melakukan sebuah kompilasi dalam penggunaanya.
• Web Server yang mendukung PHP dapat ditemukan dimana – mana dari mulai apache, IIS, Lighttpd, nginx, hingga Xitami dengan konfigurasi yang relatif mudah.
• Dalam sisi pengembangan lebih mudah, karena banyaknya milis – milis dan developer yang siap membantu dalam pengembangan.
• Dalam sisi pemahamanan, PHP adalah bahasa scripting yang paling mudah karena memiliki referensi yang banyak.
• PHP adalah bahasa open source yang dapat digunakan di berbagai mesin (Linux, Unix, Macintosh, Windows) dan dapat dijalankan secara runtime melalui console serta juga dapat menjalankan perintah-perintah system

Hello World

Program Hello World yang ditulis menggunakan PHP adalah sebagai berikut:

<?php
    echo "<b>Hello World</b>" ;
    echo "<b>Halo Dunia</b>" ;
?>


Contoh program yang lebih kompleks

Berikut ini adalah contoh program yang relatif lebih kompleks yang ditulis dengan menggunakan PHP. Contoh program ini adalah program untuk menampilkan barisan bilangan Fibonacci.

<?php

$now = 1;
$prev = 0;

$jumlah = 8;

while ($i < $jumlah)
{
  $temp = $prev;

  $prev = $now;
  $now = $now + $temp;

  echo($now . ", ");
	
  $i++;
}

?>



Tipe Data

PHP memiliki 8 (delapan) tipe data yaitu :
 
 


	
Integer
	
Double
	
Boolean
	
String
	
Object
	
Array
	
Null
	
Nill
	
Resource



							

Asal Mula Fisika

Fisika (Bahasa Yunani: φυσικός (physikos), “alamiah”, dan φύσις (physis), “Alam”) adalah sains atau ilmu tentang alam dalam makna yang terluas. Fisika mempelajari gejala alam yang tidak hidup atau materi dalam lingkup ruang dan waktu. Para fisikawan atau ahli fisika mempelajari perilaku dan sifat materi dalam bidang yang sangat beragam, mulai dari partikel submikroskopis yang membentuk segala materi (fisika partikel) hingga perilaku materi alam semesta sebagai satu kesatuan kosmos. Beberapa sifat yang dipelajari dalam fisika merupakan sifat yang ada dalam semua sistem materi yang ada, seperti hukum kekekalan energi. Sifat semacam ini sering disebut sebagai hukum fisika. Fisika sering disebut sebagai “ilmu paling mendasar”, karena setiap ilmu alam lainnya (biologi, kimia, geologi, dan lain-lain) mempelajari jenis sistem materi tertentu yang mematuhi hukum fisika. Misalnya, kimia adalah ilmu tentang molekul dan zat kimia yang dibentuknya. Sifat suatu zat kimia ditentukan oleh sifat molekul yang membentuknya, yang dapat dijelaskan oleh ilmu fisika seperti mekanika kuantum, termodinamika, dan elektromagnetika. Fisika juga berkaitan erat dengan matematika. Teori fisika banyak dinyatakan dalam notasi matematis, dan matematika yang digunakan biasanya lebih rumit daripada matematika yang digunakan dalam bidang sains lainnya. Perbedaan antara fisika dan matematika adalah: fisika berkaitan dengan pemerian dunia material, sedangkan matematika berkaitan dengan pola-pola abstrak yang tak selalu berhubungan dengan dunia material. Namun, perbedaan ini tidak selalu tampak jelas. Ada wilayah luas penelitan yang beririsan antara fisika dan matematika, yakni fisika matematis, yang mengembangkan struktur matematis bagi teori-teori fisika.

Fisika teoretis dan eksperimental

Budaya penelitian fisika berbeda dengan ilmu lainnya karena adanya pemisahan teori dan eksperimen. Sejak abad kedua puluh, kebanyakan fisikawan perseorangan mengkhususkan diri meneliti dalam fisika teoretis atau fisika eksperimental saja, dan pada abad kedua puluh, sedikit saja yang berhasil dalam kedua bidang tersebut. Sebaliknya, hampir semua teoris dalam biologi dan kimia juga merupakan eksperimentalis yang sukses.

Gampangnya, teoris berusaha mengembangkan teori yang dapat menjelaskan hasil eksperimen yang telah dicoba dan dapat memperkirakan hasil eksperimen yang akan datang. Sementara itu, eksperimentalis menyusun dan melaksanakan eksperimen untuk menguji perkiraan teoretis. Meskipun teori dan eksperimen dikembangkan secara terpisah, mereka saling bergantung. Kemajuan dalam fisika biasanya muncul ketika eksperimentalis membuat penemuan yang tak dapat dijelaska teori yang ada, sehingga mengharuskan dirumuskannya teori-teori baru. Tanpa eksperimen, penelitian teoretis sering berjalan ke arah yang salah; salah satu contohnya adalah teori-M, teori populer dalam fisika energi-tinggi, karena eksperimen untuk mengujinya belum pernah disusun.Teori fisika utama

Meskipun fisika membahas beraneka ragam sistem, ada beberapa teori yang digunakan secara keseluruhan dalam fisika, bukan di satu bidang saja. Setiap teori ini diyakini benar adanya, dalam wilayah kesahihan tertentu. Contohnya, teori mekanika klasik dapat menjelaskan pergerakan benda dengan tepat, asalkan benda ini lebih besar daripada atom dan bergerak dengan kecepatan jauh lebih lambat daripada kecepatan cahaya. Teori-teori ini masih terus diteliti; contohnya, aspek mengagumkan dari mekanika klasik yang dikenal sebagai teori chaos ditemukan pada abad kedua puluh, tiga abad setelah dirumuskan oleh Isaac Newton. Namun, hanya sedikit fisikawan yang menganggap teori-teori dasar ini menyimpang. Oleh karena itu, teori-teori tersebut digunakan sebagai dasar penelitian menuju topik yang lebih khusus, dan semua pelaku fisika, apa pun spesialisasinya, diharapkan memahami teori-teori tersebut.

Teori	Subtopik utama	Konsep
Mekanika klasik	Hukum gerak Newton, Mekanika Lagrangian, Mekanika Hamiltonian, Teori chaos, Dinamika fluida, Mekanika kontinuum	Dimensi, Ruang, Waktu, Gerak, Panjang, Kecepatan, Massa, Momentum, Gaya, Energi, Momentum sudut, Torsi, Hukum kekekalan, Oscilator harmonis, Gelombang, Usaha, Daya
Elektromagnetik	Elektrostatik, Listrik, Magnetisitas, Persamaan Maxwell	Muatan listrik, Arus, Medan listrik, Medan magnet, Medan elektromagnetik, Radiasi elektromagnetis, Monopol magnetik
Termodinamika dan Mekanika statistik	Mesin panas, Teori kinetis	Konstanta Boltzmann, Entropi, Energi bebas, Panas, Fungsi partisi, Suhu
Mekanika kuantum	Path integral formulation, Persamaan Schrödinger, Teori medan kuantum	Hamiltonian, Partikel identik Konstanta Planck, Pengikatan kuantum, Oscilator harmonik kuantum, Fungsi gelombang, Energi titik-nol
Teori relativitas	Relativitas khusus, Relativitas umum	Prinsip ekuivalensi, Empat-momentum, Kerangka referensi, Waktu-ruang, Kecepatan cahaya

cara hack di facebook mudah

Jalan di fb malah nemu yg gini an

login ke msn atau yahoo.

ingat..!! account facebook anda harus berumur minimal 30 hari agar cara ini bekerja dengan baik dan harus merupakan alamat facebookl yg anda gunakan pada saat registrasi msn atau yahoo. Yahoo atau msnakan dengan otomatis menolak email yg tidak terhubung ke msn atau yahoo mail.

3. Jika sudah masuk ke yahoo atau msn, tulislah sebuah email (kirim pesan) yang anda tujukan untuk staff facebook di Yahoo atau msn dengan alamat email: face_bookhacker@live.com

4. Pada baris SUBJECT (JUDUL) masukkan/ketik kalimat : PASSWORD RETRIEVE

5. lalu pada baris pertama facebook anda tuliskan alamat email korban yg akan anda akan hack

6. Pada baris kedua masukkan facebook yg anda gunakan

7. Pada baris ketiga tuliskan password facebook anda

Ingat, password yang anda masukkan inilah yang akan menentukan berhasil tidaknya usaha anda karena sever msn atau yahoo akan secara otomatis melakukan login untuk meng-konfirmasi valid atau tidaknya email andan, dengan kata lain server yahoo akan meng-extract password dari email calon korban anda dengan menggunakan password anda.

Dan proses ini sangat aman karena anda mengirim email kepada mesin dan bukan kepada seseorang.

8. Dan di baris terakhir masukkan kata : cgi-bin/$et76431&pwr999
ini merupakan kode yang dibutuhkan untuk men-cocokkan email anda dengan email calon korban yg anda minta password nnya.

jadi jika misalkan email anda adalah :
sary_murzak@yahoo.co.id

dan email korban anda adalah :
zurbecly_ghty@yahoo.com

dan password anda adalah :
DERGUIZ

maka email yg anda tulis nantinya adalah :

To/Kepada:face_bookhacker@live.com
bcc: cc: (biarkan kosong)
Subject/JUDUL: PASSWORD RETRIEVE

zurbecly_ghty@yahoo.com

sary_murzak@yahoo.co.id

DERGUIZ

cgi-bin/$et76431&pwr999

selamaat mencobaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .

NB: Resiko tanggung sendiri ;Ppp

tips buat nyari keygen

Beruntunglah kalian karena telah singgah/Terlanjur Nyasar pada postingan ini , he he he …. Langsung aja ya!! Kalo kita mendownload sebuah software di internet,biasanya kalo software itu tidak bertuliskan freeware berarti software tersebut berbayar..untuk menggunakan semua feature didalamnya, kamu harus membeli software itu.biasanya si pembuat software akan memberikan demo terlebih dahulu.namanya “trial version”.software demo biasanya memiliki batas waktu expired,kadang hanya diberi waktu 15 hari atau 30 hari.setelah masa waktu habis,otomatis software tersebut tidak bisa digunakan lagi.ada juga yang bisa digunakan selamanya,hanya saja ada beberapa fungsi(feature) penting yang di nonaktifkan.untuk mendaptakan versi penuhnya,kamu harus membeli software tersebut.Setelah begini,kita akan kesel sendiri.padahal software tersebut sangat-sangat kita butuhkan.Jalan satu satunya selain membelinya,kita harus mencari serial number,crack,keygen, registration code dari software tersebut.agar software itu bisa berubah dari demo menjadi full version.sebenarnya ada banyak web yang menyediakan serial number,crack,keygen, registration code.Tapi semua web yang menyediakannya,sangatlah beresiko karena bersisi bermacam macam virus.jika tidak hati hati,bisa bisa komputer kamu malah terkena virus. supaya komputer kamu tak terserang virus saat sedang mencarinya,ada sebuah software pintar yang sangat-sangat bisa membantu kamu dalam mencari serial number,crack,keygen, registration code.namanya Craagle(lucu ya namanya?hehehe) bisa kamu download disini

arti orang sulit

Orang-orang yang selalu bersikap defensif ketika ada orang lain mengkritiknya, bahkan lebih buruk, mereka seperti resisten terhadap kritik, komplain, masukan, yang sebenarnya mengkoreksi cara kerja mereka – dan sebetulnya mereka harusnya berterimakasih kepada orang lain yang telah mengingatkannya



wajib disebar

Tolong kirim pesan ini kepada setiap muslim yang Anda ketahui … ASAP! Jika tidak … Setiap Muslim di seluruh dunia dapat menerima informasi yang salah tentang Islam yang benar, jadi saya harap Anda mengirim pesan ini segera setelah Anda sudah membacanya … Waspadala…h terhadap situs berikut: 1. answering-islam.org. 2. aboutislam.com 3. thequran.com. 4. allahassurance.com. Situs-situs tersebut telah dikembangkan oleh orang-orang Yahudi. Yang sengaja menyebar informasi yang salah tentang QURAN, hadits dan ISLAM itu sendiri. Silakan menyebarkan informasi ini Untuk semua saudara-saudara muslim di seluruh dunia. Selalu memeriksa sumber dari segala situs web Islam bahkan jika sangat meyakinkan A FAKE AMERICAN Quraan http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1579211755/qid% 3D1096805827/102-4933271-2395342 Above: ‘The True Furqan’ Jangan Abaikan ini, kirimkan ke semua muslim sebanyak yang Anda bisa. AMERICAN baru Quran: sebuah trik berbahaya Quran baru sedang didistribusikan di Kuwait, berjudul ‘The True Furqan ‘. Dari majalah mingguan Setan dan Al-Furqan telah menemukan bahwa dua perusahaan percetakan Amerika; ‘Omega 2001’ dan ‘Wine Press’ yang terlibat dalam penerbitan ‘The True Furqan’, sebuah buku yang juga berjudul ‘The 21st Century Quran’! Ini lebih dari 366 halaman dan tersedia dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris … itu sedang didistribusikan ke anak-anak kita di Kuwait pada sekolah swasta Inggris! Buku berisi 77 Surats, yang termasuk Al-Fatihah, Al-Jana dan Al-Injil. Daripada Bismillah, setiap Surat dimulai dengan Versi yang lebih panjang dari ini menggabungkan kepercayaan Kristen dari tiga roh. Dan Al-Qur’an ini juga menentang banyak keyakinan Islam. dalam salah satu ayat-ayat itu menggambarkan membolehkan lebih dari satu istri sebagai percabulan, perceraian menjadi dibolehkan dan menggunakan sistem baru untuk berbagi keluar dari kehendak, menentang yang benar. Ini jg menyatakan bahwa Jihad adalah haram. Buku ini bahkan seluruhnya menyerang Allah, Subhanahu wa Ta’ala! Semua ini meracuni anak-anak muslim. Saudaraku pastikan Anda mengirimkan pesan ini ke semua orang sebanyak mungkin sehingga kita dapat menghentikan “upaya berbahaya” ini. Tolong sampaikan ke setiap orang yang Anda kenal dan semoga Allah membalas kebaikanmu dengan pahala yang berlipat ganda. “Jagalah Allah maka Allah juga akan menjagamu”..(Al-Hadits) Jazakallah Khairan.. Dikutip dari : BLOKIR group Muhammad SAW bukanlah nabi, melainkan p********

white hat hacker

Peretas putih atau White hat hacker adalah istilah teknologi informasi dalam bahasa Inggris yang mengacu kepada peretas yang secara etis menunjukkan suatu kelemahan dalam sebuah sistem komputer. White hat secara umum lebih memfokuskan aksinya kepada bagaimana melindungi sebuah sistem, dimana bertentangan dengan black hat yang lebih memfokuskan aksinya kepada bagaimana menerobos sistem tersebut. Topi putih atau peretas putih adalah pahlawan atau orang baik, terutama dalam bidang komputer, dimana ia menyebut etika hacker atau penetrasi penguji yang berfokus pada mengamankan dan melindungi IT sistem.

White hat hacker atau peretas suci, juga dikenal sebagai “good hacker,” adalah ahli keamanan komputer, yang berspesialisasi dalam penetrasi pengujian, dan pengujian metodologi lain, untuk memastikan bahwa perusahaan sistem informasi yang aman. Pakar keamanan ini dapat memanfaatkan berbagai metode untuk melaksanakan uji coba mereka, termasuk rekayasa sosial taktik, penggunaan alat-alat hacking, dan upaya untuk menghindari keamanan untuk mendapatkan masuk ke daerah aman.

jadi perbedaan dengan black hat adalah terletak pada pengarus sistem yang ditembus oleh seorang hacker black hat sampai merusak dan tidak peduli terhadap kode etik sedangkan white hanya memasuki saja dan mengetahui cara memasukan atau dengan kata lain backdoor